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Skills anticipation in Poland (2022 Update)
Summary
Overview of the Poland approach
In Poland, the aim of skills anticipation activities has been to produce improved employment forecasts, at a national and regional level, which can provide skills intelligence to a wide range of users. Funding from the European Social Fund (ESF) has played an important role in the development of skills anticipation activities, notably in the creation of a forecasting tool. Skills anticipation at regional and local levels have historically been more developed than at the national level but are often undertaken on an ad hoc basis. In 2018 a new VET reform was introduced by law, with the aim of strengthening the mechanisms of involving employers in the development of VET in all its stages, particularly in practical vocational training and on the systematic adaptation of VET to labour-market needs by forecasting the demand for professions and skills.
A range of stakeholders are involved in skills anticipation activities such as employer organisations, education and vocational education and training (VET) institutions, and the public employment service (PES) which is required to diagnose needs for skills and qualifications in regional and local labour markets. In some regions, skills anticipation activities are undertaken by regional labour market observatories. Regional labour market observatories produce regional forecasts on skills demand, supply and mismatch, as well as sectoral foresight studies. But these are not uniformly undertaken across regions, and the future of the observatories is uncertain.
Skills anticipation in Poland is undergoing changes with a view to developing a more integrated system. This has been supported by government and ESF funding; however, the sustainability of these developments may not be guaranteed once funding ceases.
Description
In Poland, skills assessment activities are a core element of the Study of Human Capital in Poland (Bilans Kapitału Ludzkiego, BKL). In addition, forecasting and foresight activities are also undertaken. A number of institutional bodies take part in producing data and intelligence for skills anticipation in Poland, such as the Central Statistical Office of Poland (Główny Urząd Statystyczny, GUS), Polish Agency for Enterprise Development (Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiębiorczości, PARP), the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy (Ministerstwo Rodziny, Pracy i Polityki Społecznej, MPiPS), and the Ministry of Education and Science (Ministerstwo Edukacji i Nauki).
Aims
The aim of skills anticipation in Poland is to support the work of the Public Employment Service (PES) and provide labour market data and intelligence for policymakers at the national, regional and local levels. Results from the skills monitoring activities are also used to inform vocational education and training institutions about skills demand so that they can alter their course provision. Due to the skills shortages and recruitment difficulties they experience, employers are reportedly increasingly interested in skills anticipation findings. In the future the aim is to provide jobseekers with more data to inform their employment choices.
Legal framework
There is no legislation in place specifically regulating skills anticipation. The following can be identified as pertinent legislation to skills anticipation.
According to the Act on the Promotion of Employment and Labour Market Institutions, the obligation to diagnose the demand for skills and qualifications in regional and local labour markets rests with the PES. These assessments are not yet systematic or regular and they do not always follow a uniform methodology.[i] The Monitoring of deficit and surplus occupations undertaken by regional (voivodship) employment offices is a task for regional government defined by the Act on the Promotion of Employment and Labour Market Institutions (Journal of Laws of 2013, pos. 674, as amended).[ii]
The national lifelong learning strategy – Perspective on Lifelong Learning – was adopted by the government in 2013. Its implementation is strongly linked to skills anticipation with its operational aims focused on developing a transparent and coherent national qualification system (and providing education and training tailored to economic needs and changes in the labour market. As such, the strategy forms an important element in developing a skills anticipation system, but it does not create one.
In 2018 a new VET reform was introduced (Law of November 22, 2018) on the amendment to the Act - Educational Law, the Act on the education system and certain other acts. The main aim is to restore the prestige of vocational education by improving its quality and effectiveness. Special emphasis is placed on strengthening the mechanisms of involving employers in the development of VET, particularly in practical vocational training and in the systematic adaptation of VET to labour-market needs by forecasting the demand for professions and skills.
Governance
The MPiPS is the key authority regarding skills anticipation. It works closely with a range of stakeholders (such as the voivodship employment offices, PARP, and a number of ministries [such as MEN, and MNiSW]). It should be noted that the Ministries and agencies (including the GUS and its relevant analyses) often work independently in a non-coordinated manner.
The role of stakeholders
A number of stakeholders are involved in skills anticipation activities, including employer organisations, education and VET providers, and the PES (which is required to diagnose needs for skills and qualifications in regional and local labour markets). The labour market policy implemented by public authorities is based on dialogue and cooperation with social partners, in particular the labour market councils, established at a national, regional and local level. Labour market councils are composed of representatives of employers’ organisations, trade unions, and non-governmental organisations. Stakeholders’ involvement in skills anticipation activities includes discussing findings, as well as applying for funding and implementing projects aimed at skills anticipation in different sectors of the economy. A number of stakeholders are involved in the collection, analysis and dissemination of data and intelligence from skills anticipation activities, including ministries, the PES (regional and local offices), employers, and education and VET providers.
Another example of stakeholder coordination in policymaking includes experts from the BKL study participating in advisory roles on employment and education committees, such as the Committee of Scientific Policy (Komitet Polityki Naukowej). The new initiatives, such as the BKL study, Sectoral Skills Councils and the Barometer of Professions (Barometr Zawodów), aim to increase collaboration among relevant institutions in the process of skills monitoring and forecasting.
At regional and local levels, skills anticipation activities are well coordinated, though they rely on imperfect monitoring data.[iii] Data and intelligence are disseminated as part of the process of stakeholder engagement that takes place at these levels. Increasingly, methodologies and methods used in skills anticipation at a national level are being shared with, and taken up by, regional stakeholders. Stakeholders also play an important role in sharing methodologies and methods, so activities can be replicated at a regional and local level.
An overview of collaboration between regional labour offices, employers, and other labour market institutions demonstrated that the MPiPS, the Centre for Human Resources Development (Centrum Rozwoju Zasobów Ludzkich, CRZL), and the Governmental Centre for Strategic Studies (Rządowe Centrum Studiów Strategicznych) were the most active players among the government institutions, though the two latter centres have been abolished.[iv] The MPiPS is the main body responsible for skills anticipation, and collaborates with stakeholders through different fora such as intergovernmental task forces, collaborative projects and initiatives, and Social Dialogue Councils (Rady Dialogu Społecznego).[v] However, there is no structured involvement of stakeholders (particularly the social partners), for example through a committee with decision-making responsibilities on the design/implementation of skills anticipation activities at national level, or the systematic use of relevant intelligence in policymaking. Nonetheless, the role of social partners is more prominent at sectoral level, while the development of the Sectoral Skills Councils can be expected to further strengthen their role at that level.
Target groups
Where intelligence and data from skills anticipation is gathered, it is widely disseminated and publicly available on the web. It is mainly targeted at regional and local stakeholders who are considered to have the capacity to influence change. Data from national studies, such as the employment forecasts (Prognozowanie Zatrudnienia), are intended for government ministries, local government, the PES, employers’ organisations, trade unions, universities and research institutes. Anonymised micro-data from the BKL are publicly available so others are able to undertake secondary data analysis.
Funding and resources
Skills anticipation in Poland is undergoing substantial changes designed to improve employment forecasts at national and regional levels. These changes are implemented with significant support from the ESF, which introduced a number of projects described below.
The Monitoring of deficit and surplus professions and occupations (Monitoring zawodów deficytowych i nadwyżkowych, MZDIN) is a statutory task of regional and local government, and is funded by them.
In Poland, skills anticipation activities are funded by the government and the ESF, for example:
- The project, ‘Analysis of processes on the Polish labour market and in the area of social integration in the context of the economic policy’ (Analiza procesów zachodzących na polskim rynku pracy i obszarze integracji społecznej w kontekście prowadzonej polityki gospodarczej), was jointly run by the CRZL and the Institute of Labour and Social Affairs (Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych, IPiSS). In addition, between 2009 and 2014, a new employment forecast tool was developed for employment forecasting. In 2014 employment forecasts to 2022 disaggregated by occupation, sector and region were released. These initiatives received ESF support;[vi]
- The ESF has also provided funding for BKL, which over the period 2010-2015 informed education and training providers on the demand for skills. BKL is co-funded with a second grant also for 2016-2023.
- The Barometr Zawodów is funded by the MPiPS and information is disseminated with support from the ESF.
A high reliance on European funding places a question mark over the sustainability of some of these changes. Some ESF funded developments may be discontinued once the funding comes to an end. For instance, the sustainability of the forecasting tool, the Prognozowanie Zatrudnienia, and the forecasts beyond 2022 remain uncertain. Nonetheless, there is evidence of further integration of activities taking place at national, regional, and local levels.
Methods and tools
A number of skills anticipation exercises take place in Poland. However, there is no common methodology for carrying them out.[vii]
Skills assessments
In Poland, the PES undertakes skills assessment and anticipation exercises to inform its policies and programmes. MPiPS has developed a range of tools and guidance on diagnosing the needs for skills and qualifications in regional and local labour markets.[viii] The PES analyses skills demand and supply on an annual basis. However, it has not analysed future skill needs nor are there plans to do so[ix].
The annual nation-wide study, the Barometr Zawodów, uses expert panels to identify possible future changes in labour demand. It is carried out by labour offices under the auspices of MPiPS and it is coordinated by the regional Labour Office in Kraków.
Qualitative skills assessments are undertaken by employer associations on an ad hoc basis.[x] Skills assessment is also one of the core elements of the BKL.
The 2017 Gumtree Poland (a private organisation), in cooperation with the Digital Economy Lab of the University of Warsaw and many other relevant actors in the human resources field published the "Active+ The future of the labour market" report. It indicated the key competences especially sought after by Polish enterprises both currently and in the near future. The main emerging required skills were: data management skills, technology literacy, social intelligence; flexibility.
Skills forecasts
Skills forecasts, the Prognozowanie Zatrudnienia, have run since 2014 and are derived from an econometric model projecting employment demand. The econometric forecasting tool was developed as part of an ESF funded project.[xi] The tool provides forecasts by occupational group (according to the Classification of Occupations of the Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy)[xii], economic sector, and regions (NUTS II statistical areas). The aim of the project is to support labour market institutions (such as the PES, employment agencies, and training institutions) with labour market analysis, monitoring and forecasting. The level of take-up and use of the forecasts by these institutions is unclear. In the future, it is hoped the forecasts will be used by jobseekers, if the project is continued.
Forecasting is also undertaken at the regional level. An example is the forecasting undertaken by the Pomeranian Labour Market Observatory (Pomorskie Obserwatorium Rynku Pracy, PORP), which includes forecasts by occupation. It aims to identify the occupations expected to be in shortage, in balance, or in surplus over the next 12 months.
It is important to note that regional labour market observatories are also funded by ESF and some of them appear to have ceased their operations. The future of these institutions is uncertain after ESF funding comes to an end.[xiii]
All future-relevant analysis done by the PES focus on occupation demand rather than skills demand. Occupational demand is analysed by the Labour Market Observatories and statistical or analytical units within regional labour offices[xiv].
Skills foresight
National skills foresight work is undertaken on an ad hoc basis by PARP, which operates under the Ministry of Development and Technology (Ministerstwo Rozwoju i Technologii). For example, the Foresight of personnel in a modern economy (Foresight kadr nowoczesnej gospodarki) project was implemented in 2008-2009 using a mixed methodology.[xv] The results were used at the time to identify future skills needs.
The PES uses Delphi-method, as well as experts’ panels and groups[xvi].
At a regional level, labour market observatories undertake a range of skills anticipation activities including sectoral foresight studies. However, many of these activities are outdated.[xvii]
Other skills anticipation practices
Poland undertakes establishment/employer surveys to inform their technical and vocational education and training provision. For example, the BKL study was implemented by PARP in collaboration with the Jagiellonian University to inform education and training providers on the demand for skills.[xviii] The first edition of BKL ended in 2015. The implementation of the next research cycle began in 2016, ending in 2023. The study provides data and intelligence on skills gaps in the economy, sectoral and occupational skills, professional knowledge development and adult learning. The sectoral perspective is a new feature of the 2016-2023 study.[xix] The aim of the study is to increase understanding of the current needs in various sectors and enable anticipation of the demand for skills and qualifications in the future.
There is also an aim to increase skills anticipation exercises at the sectoral level in the future. The intention is to establish Sectoral Skills Councils (Sektorowe Rady ds. Kompetencji) which would be responsible for the provision of more accurate information on the demand for skills. A few Sectoral Skills Councils[xx] have already been developed with support from the ESF.
At a local level, the BKL may be used to produce local data. Between 2012 and 2015 the Municipality of Kraków commissioned the Study of Competences in Business Process Outsourcing and Information Technology Outsourcing in Kraków (Bilans kompetencji Branż BPO i ITO w Krakowie Raport Końcowy z Przeprowadzonych Badań) to better match the supply of graduates at local universities to the demand for highly skilled/educated employees in the Kraków area.[xxi]
Regional labour market observatories also produce regional data on skills imbalances and labour demand.
The monitoring of deficit and surplus professions and occupations through MZDIN has been undertaken since 2005 at national, regional and local levels.[xxii] Monitoring reports are regularly produced and are based on statistical data collected by the labour offices from those registering as unemployed. Data are collected on the characteristics of those seeking employment, vacancies, etc. The annual reports are supplemented by data from the Information Technology Centre for Education and Science (Informatyczne Centrum Edukacji i Nauki) of the Ministry of National Education and the Central Statistical Office on the educational characteristics of current students and graduates from secondary and higher education.
Dissemination and use
Data and intelligence from the skills anticipation system in Poland, particularly from the BKL study and the new forecasts, are widely disseminated, and aimed at engaging users. For example, the available forecasts from the Prognozowanie Zatrudnienia web portal provide a graphical interface through which the user can visualise the results of the forecast.
The BKL study has a clear dissemination strategy and budget with outputs and activity published on the website. These include annual reports; national annual and thematic conferences; and regional seminars targeting regional labour market actors, employers’ representatives, training and education providers, policymakers, and local government.
The reports, which indicate the occupations that are likely to be in surplus, balance, or shortage over the 12 months ahead, are also disseminated at the national and local levels to upper secondary schools, training institutions, local and regional authorities. Data are available on the Monitoring zawodów website. Users can select regional and local areas to find out which occupations are in high or low demand. There is, however, still some room for improving the consistency and availability of information on skills demand by labour offices.
The PES uses skills intelligence in reports and executive summaries disseminated to externals and its employees. Intelligence is also made available through open access databases. PES staff, including career guidance counsellors, have access to skills intelligence through handbooks and internal conferences[xxiii].
Use of skills anticipation in policy
In Poland intelligence from skills anticipation activities feeds into strategic policymaking only on an ad hoc basis. Upskilling and reskilling programmes addressing future skills requirements are being updated based on skills intelligence[xxiv].
The BKL study is shared with MNiSW, MEN, MPiPS, local government, PES, employers’ organisations, trade unions, universities and research institutes. Results have been used to support the national lifelong learning strategy, Perspective on Lifelong Learning. BKL results were integrated into programming documents, which outlined the socio-economic challenges ahead and the role that European funds might play in meeting them. For example, the Operational Programme Knowledge, Education, Development (2014-2020) pointed to the BKL study as a basis for tailoring future training supply to meet labour market demand.
There are several examples of skills anticipation activities, which have been undertaken to shape vocational education and training provision. For instance, changes to the core curriculum for vocational education and training were made as a result of the study entitled Improvement of core curricula as the key for the modernisation of vocational education undertaken by the National Centre for Supporting Vocational and Continuing Education (Krajowy Ośrodek Wspierania Edukacii Zawodowej i Ustawicznej, KOWEZiU). The project assessed the professional, personal and social skills required in a variety of occupations and qualifications. The aim of the changes was to increase the labour market relevance of education and training provision.
Target groups’ uses of skills anticipation outputs
Outputs from skills anticipation activities are disseminated and used by a wide range of stakeholders including ministries, education and training providers, local (poviat) and voivodship employment offices, regional labour market observatories, and representatives from trade unions and businesses. The use, however, of these data is not systematic and occurs on an ad hoc basis.
Whilst a few reports providing information from the BKL and MZDIN studies as well as the foresight studies are publicly available, data and intelligence are increasingly becoming available from web portals, such as the Prognozowanie Zatrudnienia web portal, the PES portal, and the Monitoring zawodów. This means that key stakeholders such as labour market intermediaries working with learners and jobseekers (such as careers guidance counsellors) have an important role in ensuring data are used, disseminated, and understood. Only the PES portal is aimed at jobseekers.
Please cite this document as: Cedefop.(2022). Skills anticipation in Poland. Skills intelligence: data insights. URL [accessed XXX] |
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- Batóg, J., Batóg, B., Mojsiewicz, M. & Rozkrut, M. (2016). Wsparcie monitorowania i prognozowania rynku pracy przez statystykę publiczną (Support of the monitoring and forecasting labour market by official statistics). The Central European Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities. pp 12-26.
- Minister of Family, Labour and Social Policy. (2019). Occupational barometer 2019.
- Cedefop. (2011). Vocational education and training in Poland – Short description. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
- Cedefop /OECD/ETF/ILO. (2014). Survey on Anticipating and Responding to Changing Skill Needs.
- Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. (2016). News. European Commission.
- EEPO. (2015). Country fiches on skills governance in the Member States – Poland. Developed by the European Employment Policy Observatory for the European Commission. Brussels: European Commission.
- European Commission. (2022). Future skills, career guidance and lifelong learning in PES. Thematic paper. Brussels. Author: Lukasz Sienkiewicz.
- Górniak, J., Kocór, M., Czarnik, S., Magierowski, M., Kasparek, K., Jelonek, M., Turek, K. & Worek, B. (2015). Polski rynek pracy – wyzwania i kierunki działań. Policy paper na podstawie badań Bilans Kapitału Ludzkiego 2010-2015. Warszawa/Kraków: Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiębiorczości.
- Hawley-Woodall, J., Duell, N., Scott, D., Finlay-Walker, L., Arora, L. & Carta, E. (2015). Skills Governance in the EU Member States. Synthesis Report for the EEPO. Brussels: European Commission.
- GUMTREE. (2017). Aktywni+ Przyszłość rynku pracy 2017 [Active+ The future of the labor market 2017].
- ILO. (2015). Anticipating and Matching Skills and Jobs (Guidance note). Geneva: International Labour Organization.
- Information Technology Centre for Education and Science (Informatyczne Centrum Edukacji i Nauki)
- Institute of Labour and Social Affairs. n.d.
- Instytut Turystyki Wkrakowie. n.d. Sektorowa Rada Ds. Turystyki (Tourism Sector Competence Council).
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- Kukulak-Dolata, I., Poliwczak, I., Miroslaw, J. & Sobocka-Szczapa, H. (2013). Projekty rządowe i samorządowe w zakresie prognozowania zatrudnienia według zawodów w polsce. Instytut Pracy i Spraw Socjalnych and Centrum Rozwoju Zasobów Ludzkich.
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Endnotes
[i]Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy. (2009).
[ii]See the Act on the Promotion of Employment and Labour Market Institutions at http://www.mpips.gov.pl/download/gfx/mpips/en/defaultopisy/28/6/1/5.emppromotion.pdf
[iii]Ministry of Family, Labour and Social Policy. (2009).
[iv]Kukulak-Dolata et al. (2013).
[v]This is a new tri-partite cooperation forum of employee, employer and government representatives. Its goals are threefold: (1) to ensure conditions for socio-economic development and increasing competitiveness of the Polish economy and social cohesion; (2) to improve social solidarity within the framework of employment relations; (3) to support the development and implementation of socio-economic policies and strategies, and building social understanding around it.
[vi]21 050 809 PLN
[vii]Batóg et al. (2016).
[viii]Kryńska. (2010).
[ix]European Commission. (2022).
[x]For example: “Observatory of Regional Labour Markets” or evaluation studies in which employer associations were involved, focusing on graduates’ competencies/qualifications expectations. Reports can be found at Pieniążek et al. (2014) and Ratajczak et al. (2012).
[xi]The project replaced the Demand Forecasting System (SPPP) which was in operation until 2006 and presented forecasting intelligence and data online. It produced national quarterly labour demand forecasts by occupation, gender, education, economic sector, and region/province using econometric modelling techniques. From 2006 to 2014 there was no “system” available so data were not accessible.
[xii]This is the Polish Classification of Occupations and Specializations for the labour market needs (2010), which is coherent and comparable with the ISCO-08 classification at the level of minor groups (three-digit codes).
[xiii]Tarkowski n.d.
[xiv]European Commission. (2022).
[xv]The methodology included expert panels, SWOT and PEST analysis, Delphi survey, and scenarios to identify future skills needs. Expert panels were convened for four industries (information and telecommunications technologies, energy, mechanical engineering, and the chemical industry) and one horizontal group (the future of human resources) to analyse and prepare three scenarios for the future.
[xvi]European Commission. (2022).
[xvii]Nazarko. (2012).
[xviii]For examples of the reports produced between 2010-2015, see the Polish Agency for Enterprise Development (Polska Agencja Rozwoju Przedsiębiorczości). (2016).
[xix]Directorate General for Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. (2016).
[xx]Six Councils have been established now (with the plan to establish 3 more in 2018): Construction Sector Competence Council, Financial Sector Competence Council, Healthcare and Social Care Competence Council, IT Sectoral Competence Council, Fashion and Innovative Textiles Industry Competence Council and Tourism Sector Competence Council.
[xxi]All of the reports are publicly available, see Magiczny Krakow. (2013).
[xxii]For the latest Monitoring of deficit and surplus professions and occupations report and data (2015), see Ministry of Family, Labour & Social Policy n.d.b.
[xxiii]European Commission. (2022).
[xxiv]Ibid.
Data insights details
Table of contents
Page 1
SummaryPage 2
DescriptionPage 3
Methods and toolsPage 4
Dissemination and usePage 5
BibliographyPage 6
Endnotes